History

During the 9th to the 12th century there were traveling puppet-show operators called kugutsu mawashi. By the end of the 12th century some of the troupes became installed in shrines and temples.
Concurrently, Buddhist priests and blind musicians performed passages from historical romances, accompanied by the Biwa, which was a four-stringed plucked instrument shaped like the mandolin. In the middle of the 15th century an extremely popular romance The Tale of Joruri appeared. The samisen, a three-stringed instrument, replaced the biwa in performances since it was more suited to the drama of the Tale.
The first puppet performance of the story was in 1596 in Kyoto. Puppeteers traveled from there to Edo in 1616 and the center of the doll theater shifted to Osaka.
Major success was largely due to two individuals. One was Chikamatsu Mozaemon (1653-1725), the first actual professional playwright in Japan. The other person was Takemoto Gidayu (1651-1714), an accomplished performer. The Takemoto Theater, a joint effort on their part, was opened in 1684.
The first puppets were relatively crude clay figures; these evolved into hand-operated puppets around 1690. The present-day doll came about around 1736.
Bunraku's popularity increased, then began to decline since the 18th century and it is unlikely to ever again attain the high levels of popularity it once had.
Like other forms of popular entertainment, Bunraku was also subject to government restrictions. In 1703, for example, the government forbid the dramatization of current events, and it did not want plays in which the warrior class might be held up to ridicule.

The doll operators

The omozukai is the most important of the three puppeteers, supporting the puppet's body and moving the head and right arm. The hidanzukai moves the left arm and props. The third, the ashizukai, controls the movement of the legs. There is also a narrator who describes the action and speaks all the parts, maybe as many as eleven characters in one scene! The plots might be taken from ancient heroes or famous incidents but they can also concern basically everyday life. A person starts by studying the art of ashizukai for around 10 years. Then the hidanzukai is studied, which takes another 10 years of training. To master the omozukai takes an entire lifetime.